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In this paper, a fault diagnosis method of cascaded NPC inverter based on single sensor is proposed. By detecting the DC side current, the specific harmonic content is extracted by Fourier decomposition as the fault feature, and the BP neural network is used for fault diagnosis. The method can install only one current sensor to identify and locate all the faults of all modules. It is important to reduce system hardware resources. Finally, the validity of the diagnostic method was verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experiment.